Pharmacokinetics, chemical interactions, and toxicological risk assessment in perspective.

Pharmacokinetics, chemical interactions, and toxicological risk assessment in perspective.

Chemical mixtures and multiple routes of exposure are frequently difficult problems for exposure and risk assessors. Chemicals can interact synergistically or antagonistically at a variety of physiologic and biochemical loci within target cells. Many of these interactions can be accounted for with a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the compounds in the mixture. Many pharmacokin...

LUPIN ALKALOIDS IN FOOD A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment

Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke.

OBJECTIVE To provide a hazard prioritisation for reported chemical constituents of cigarette smoke using toxicological risk assessment principles and assumptions. The purpose is to inform prevention efforts using harm reduction. DATA SOURCES International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs; California and US Environmental Protection Agency cancer potency factors (CPFs) and reference exp...

Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and cancer risk assessment.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling involves mathematically describing the complex interplay of the critical physicochemical and biological determinants involved in the disposition of chemicals. In this approach, the body is divided into a number of biologically relevant tissue compartments, arranged in an anatomically accurate manner, and defined with appropriate physiologica...

The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) in risk assessment.

The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a level of human intake or exposure that is considered to be of negligible risk, despite the absence of chemical-specific toxicity data. The TTC approach is a form of risk characterisation in which uncertainties arising from the use of data on other compounds are balanced against the low level of exposure. The approach was initially developed by t...